Reporting reminders regarding CJIB transfers

Education Implementation Service

The algorithm checks whether DUO may refer a claim (in the case of an administrative fine or loan repayment) to the Central Judicial Collection Agency (CJIB). A claim is an outstanding debt that a person owes to DUO.

Last change on 29th of June 2026, at 11:35 (CET) | Publication Standard 1.0

• Publication category: Impactful algorithms
• Impact assessment: IAMA, DPIA
• Status: In use

General information

Theme

Migration and Integration

Begin date

2011-06

Contact information

[e-mail]

Responsible use

Goal and impact

To integrate into society, many participants take a course and/or sit an exam. In some cases, they can borrow money from DUO for this purpose. Six months after they have completed their integration programme, or at the end of the maximum loan term, they must repay the loan. In addition, an administrative fine may be imposed if an individual fails to comply with a mandatory integration requirement within the specified timeframe.

The algorithm helps DUO to identify payment arrears relating to loan repayments or the payment of an administrative fine. The algorithm checks at fixed intervals whether there are any payment arrears that meet the conditions of the 2021 Integration Scheme. The algorithm also checks whether there is a pattern of failure to respond to DUO’s payment reminders and demands for payment. The result is a list of claims that DUO can forward to the CJIB. The CJIB will then collect the debt on behalf of DUO.

The list of payment arrears automatically flagged for transfer to the CJIB is subject to additional checks by DUO, using both manual and automated checks. During the manual checks, a DUO member of staff checks whether there are any individuals on the list who should not be referred. These may include, for example, people who have lodged an objection or who have recently submitted an application for means-tested support or debt counselling. During the automated checks, the system verifies whether payment arrears are excluded from referral due to recently received payments, residence abroad or an initiated suspension of direct debit collection.

Any payment arrears that are not excluded are consolidated into a writ of execution. These are then manually transferred to the CJIB by a DUO member of staff. Payment arrears that are excluded are set aside and assessed individually by a DUO member of staff.

Considerations

The use of the algorithm makes the transfer of claims to the CJIB easier and more efficient. The rules used by the algorithm to select claims are set out in the 2021 Integration Regulations. This ensures a reliable procedure with a calculation based on the law.

Human intervention

The algorithm acts as a screening tool and identifies which claims should be considered for further assessment. These claims are placed on a default list and dealt with further by a DUO member of staff using the manual checks mentioned earlier. DUO may also subsequently withdraw or amend a claim that has been transferred, for example if a payment is eventually received or the customer resumes cooperation with a payment arrangement.

Risk management

The risk of claims being incorrectly flagged is reduced because the algorithm operates on the basis of impartial and statutory criteria. In addition, there are automatic and manual checks on various aspects of the process to ensure that debts are not wrongly transferred to the CJIB.

DUO therefore continues to monitor the claims even after they have been transferred to the CJIB. Incoming payments or new information may lead DUO to amend or withdraw a claim at a later stage.

Legal basis

Under the 2021 Integration Act and Article 5.10 of the General Administrative Law Act, DUO may recover the outstanding payment by means of a writ of execution. Article 6.11 of the 2021 Integration Decree sets out what happens if someone fails to repay an integration loan. Article 6.12 of the Integration Decree stipulates that DUO may reclaim the full amount of any debt owed to it by a person undergoing integration (whether arising from a fine or a loan). This occurs if the person required to undergo integration fails to meet the requirements within the statutory time limit.

Links to legal bases

• Integration Act, Article 17(2): https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0020611/2013-01-01
• Integration Decree, Article 4.12: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0020674/2013-01-01/0
• Integration Scheme, Articles 4.12 and 4.16: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0020657/2013-01-01?g=2013-01-01&z=2013-01-01
• Integration Act 2021, Article 21(4): https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0044770/2023-01-01
• 2021 Integration Decree: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0045555/2026-04-02
• Integration Scheme 2021, Articles 6.11 and 6.12: https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0045574/2026-04-18/#Hoofdstuk6_Afdeling2

Elaboration on impact assessments

Impact assessments have been carried out for this algorithm, weighing up privacy rights and human rights against its positive and negative effects. The conclusion drawn from these assessments is that the use of the algorithm is justified.

Impact assessment

• Human Rights and Algorithms Impact Assessment (IAMA)
• Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA)

Operations

Data

The algorithm selects candidates on the basis of the following criteria, as set out in Article 6.12 of the 2021 Integration Regulations:

1. The outstanding portion of the debt due must be at least €180.
2. The amount that has been in arrears for six months or more must be at least €15.

In the case of an administrative fine, selection is based on the following criteria:

1. The outstanding amount must be at least €15.

In addition, the algorithm uses the following data:

1. BRP data: place of residence, home address.
2. It checks whether the reminders and demands for payment have actually been sent.
3. Time elapsed since DUO sent the final notice.
4. It checks whether an administrator has been appointed.

Technical design

The algorithm is a rule-based algorithm that identifies claims with outstanding payments that meet the criteria for referral to the CJIB. A rule-based algorithm means that it operates according to fixed rules that have been established in advance. The algorithm follows these rules step by step and does not learn independently.